Openssh Reveled

 Openssh files and it's usage in LINUX
-----------------------------------------------------

1. /etc/init.d/sshd - Start script for the sshd on the system.

2. /etc/pam.d/ssh - PAM support for sshd.

3. /etc/ssh/ - This is the primary configuration directory for ssh server as well as server.

4 /etc/ssh/ssh_config - This is the primary configuration for ssh clients.

5. /etc/ssh/sshd_config - Global Configuration of ssh server.

6. /usr/bin/s  - Provide non interactivce copy between the servers.

7. /usr/bin/sftp - Provide secure file transfer protocol.

8. /usr/bin/slgin - Symlink to /usr/bin/ssh

9.  /usr/bin/ssh-agent - Provides the identity eg: Who you are, Stores private key for pki authentication. Run for each  X11 sessions and for other sessions. 

10. /usr/bin/ssh-add- Add identity  to the ssh-agent.

11. /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id - Copies identity to the remote system for PKI based logins.

12. /usr/bin/ssh-keyconverter - This convert RSA key protocol version1 key to protocol version2.

NOTE: All the cisco routers support SSH version 1 which is based on RSA version1.

13. /usr/sbin/ssh-keygen - Generates unique private key public key pairs. Thease are alos called identities. It support RSA1. RSA, DSA.

14. /usr/bin/ssh-keyscan - Scan network for ssh servers and stores key in ~/.ssh/known-hosts.





11.

SOLARIS FILE SYSTEMS

1. To mount all the file system

# mountall

2. to unmount all the file system

# umnontall

3. To display the information about the file system that are currently mounted

# mount -v  (This infoemation is taken from /etc/mnttab)

4. To list the process that are accessing trhe system

# fuser -c

5.  Steps to unmount a file system

# umount /export/home

umount: /export/home busy

# fuser -c /export/home

/export/home: 9002o

# ps -ef | grep 9002

root 9002 8979 0 20:06:17 pts/1

0:00 cat
# fuser -c -k /export/home

/export/home: 9002o
[1]+ Killed  cat >/export/home/test

# umount /export/home





6.

CONFIGURING WU-FTPD DEAMON IN SOLARIS

1. To check port 21 id listening or not.
# netstat -anP tcp | grep 21

 *.21                 *.*                0      0 49152      0 LISTENThe Output like above means that it is lis-tening in all the ip address.

2. FTPD is running and it bind to its default port 21 in Solaris by default unless you make changes to the SMF configuration. SMF controls the service configuration for FTP in Solaris.

# svcs -a | grep ftp

online         Dec_20   svc:/network/ftp:default

This means that it is currently up and online.

3. To get more information on ftp
# svcs -l ftp

The ouput will be:

fmri         svc:/network/ftp:default
name         FTP server
enabled      true
state        online
next_state   none
state_time   Wed Dec 20 00:00:54 2006
restarter    svc:/network/inetd:default


4. To  list the FTP packages installed.

# pkginfo -x | grep -i ftp

SUNWftpr                          FTP Server, (Root)
SUNWftpu                          FTP Server, (Usr)
SUNWncft                          NcFTP - client application implementing FTP
SUNWtftp                          Trivial File Transfer Server
SUNWtftpr                         Trivial File Transfer Server (Root)

5. TO LIST ALL THE INFORMATION REGARDING THE PACKAGE SUNWftpu
 
 # pkginfo -l SUNWftpu

6. TO CHECK THE INCLUDED FILEs IN THE USER PACKAGE of wuftpd.

# pkgchk -l SUNWftpu | grep -i pathname

Pathname: /usr
Pathname: /usr/sbin
Pathname: /usr/sbin/ftpaddhost
Pathname: /usr/sbin/ftpconfig
Pathname: /usr/sbin/ftpcount
Pathname: /usr/sbin/ftprestart
Pathname: /usr/sbin/ftpshut
Pathname: /usr/sbin/ftpwho
Pathname: /usr/sbin/in.ftpd
Pathname: /usr/sbin/privatepw

ftpwho - gives the connected users and process information.
ftpcount - dump classes per count.
ftpconfig - Is used to configure anonymous as well as guest ftp.
in.ftpd - This is the main daemon runs in background and bind the port 21.
/etc/ftpd - Thsi directory houses the main configuration files.

6. SUNWftpr - This includes server side configuration files.

# pkgchk -l SUNWftpr | grep -i pathname

Pathname: /etc
Pathname: /etc/ftpd
Pathname: /etc/ftpd/ftpaccess
Pathname: /etc/ftpd/ftpconversions
Pathname: /etc/ftpd/ftpgroups
Pathname: /etc/ftpd/ftphosts
Pathname: /etc/ftpd/ftpservers
Pathname: /etc/ftpd/ftpusers
Pathname: /var
Pathname: /var/svc
Pathname: /var/svc/manifest
Pathname: /var/svc/manifest/network
Pathname: /var/svc/manifest/network/ftp.xml


7. SUNWftpr - Includes server side configuration files.
/etc/ftpd

ftpaccess - Primary configuration files for wu-ftpd.
ftphosts- This allow admins to define allow | deny access to certain hosts.
ftpservers- This allow admins to define virtual hosts.
ftpusers - users listed may not access via ftp.
ftpconversations- facilitates the support for tar gz and compress support.

8. Wu-Ftpd support both type of ftp connection.
1. PORT - Active FTP
In this type of connection client make TCP:21 server control connection.
When the client executes ls results in server initiating a connection back to client back usually TCP 20 (ftp-data)

2. PASSIVE - Passive FTP
In this type of connection client connect to the TCP \ port 21 at first. After that when execute a command called ls or any other command, server open a high port and instructing the client to source connection to the server. Then the client sources a connection to the high port on the server ( data connection).

NOTE: In passive FTP connection firewall is not necessary in corporate firewall because client is sourcing the connection.

SOLARIS QUOTAS

Quota supports 2 feature they are
1. Softlimit
2.Hardlimit

Softlimit is a warning stage.

When a user exceed softlimit system will log it in to the logs and begin a timer which last for 7 days.
Suppose our softlimit is 100mb and a user exceeds beyond the timer softlimit become hardlimit.


HardLimit

Hardlimit act as a storage sealing. A user can never exceed the hardlimit.  If the user meets the hard limit system will not allocate the storage space.

File system perspective of quotas
1. BLOCKS
2. INODES

Each file may be represented by each inode and datablocks. We can define the quota based on

Quota Tools

1. edquota
2. quotacheck -used to check consistencies against current usage.
3. quotaon - Enables quotas on file system.
4. repoquota -  Display quota information.


Steps to Enable Quota support
Modify /etc/vfstab to enable quota support per file system.
Modify the mount options  columns.


Create empty quotas file in /export/home/quotas && chmod 600 /export/home/quota
 # nano /etc/vfstab
/dev/dsk/c1d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c1d0s7        /export/home    ufs     2       yes     rq

#touch /export/home/quotas && chmod 600 /export/home/quotas

TO SETUP QUOTA FOR THE USER VASANTH USING FILE LIMIT


[root@solaris1 /]# edquota vasanth

fs /export/home blocks (soft = 5000, hard = 10000) inodes (soft = 0, hard = 0)

:wq
This will set quota for the user vasanth.
TO SETUP THE SAME QUOTA POLICY FOR THE ANOTHER USERS PLEASE DO THE STEPS.

# edquota -p user1 user2 user3 user4

TO CHECK THE SUPPORTED FILE SYSTEMS IN OUR LOCAL SYSTEM

# quotacheck -va
*** Checking quotas for /dev/rdsk/c1d0s7 (/export/home)

TO CHECK THE USAGE DETAILS OF PARTICULAR USER

# quota -v vasanth
Filesystem     usage  quota  limit    timeleft  files  quota  limit    timeleft
/export/home       0   5000  10000                  0      0      0


TO ENABLE QUOTA SUPPORT ON PARTICULAR SLICE.


# quotaon -v /dev/dsk/c1dos7

TO DISABLE QUOTA SUPPORT

# quotaoff -va
This will turn off quota for all the file system

SOLARIS DISK PARTITIONING

DISK TERMINOLOGY

Disk contain the following components.

1. Tracks
2. Cylinders
3.Sectors/Blocks


Tracks
-----------
Tracks are the concentric ring on the each paltter .

Cylinder
-----------
Groups of tracks

Sectors/Blocks
----------------

512 byte block. Which is the smallest unit represented in hardisk.


Partition with Solaris is AKA slices


To display the Slices with in the harddisk.

#df -h

X86 PCS are limited to 4 primary partitions. Normally x86are divided in to 3 primary and 1 extended.

NOTE:Solaris need one fdisk Partition for it's use.

If you want to add another harddrive disk1

1. Create fdisk partion for Solaris use

2. Then Create  Slices

NOTE: Solaris uses a VTOC(VOLUME TABLE OF CONTENT) to represent the various slices with long fdisk partition on the disk. On the Sparc  Solaris uses VTOC to represent al the slices.

SLICE RULES USING VTOC
---------------------------------

1, Slices may created using VTOC on X86
2. These 10 slicers are represented by 0 to 9.
3. Slices 2,8,9 are reserved. Slice 2 is reserverd for VTOC
NOTE: VTOC Represent the disk label and occupying slice2
4. Slices 0,1,3,6,7 are avilable for use.

Root file system is slice 0.

PRINT VROC/DISKLABEL USING

# prtvtoc /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0

C0 - Controller Number ## 1st controller
t0- Identifier for the bus orientated controller SCASI/SATA ### For IDE hardisk t0 is not present.
d0 - Represents disk number.
s0- Slice0

VTOC information contain entair diskinformation.

FORAMAT UTILITY
------------------------

1. To open the format utility

# format

2. To list the disk attached to the system

format> disk

3. To select a disk

Enter the disk Number want to select and put enter.

4. To discribe the current disk

format> Current

The output of the above command is shown below.

Current Disk = c1d0

/pci@0,0/pci-ide@1f,2/ide@1/cmdk@0,0


5, In the format menu we can get help by pressing question mark or help

6. Inside format tool there is a utilty called format. To format the a selected disk use the following steps.

format> disk

select the disk you want to format

format > format


select partition setup in the format menu.

format> partition

The above partion command will list the avilabe slices.
Select the slice number from there.

partition> 5
Then it will prompt for


Enter partition id tag : put an enter there.
Enter partition permission: put an enter there
Enter new starting cyl: Enter here a new cyl starting


This will create a slice.


Format the slice using the the utility

# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0d0s6

# mount /dev/dsk/c0d0s6 /mnt




.

Changing hostname in solaris

Change the hostname in the following files:

/etc/nodename
/etc/hostname.*interface
/etc/inet/hosts
/etc/inet/ipnodes

and rename directory under /var/crash

# cd /var/crash
# mv oldname newname

then reboot the server.

DEVICES IN SOLARIS

1. If the Solaris Fault Management system detects a problem with a device, mes-
sages about the problem can be displayed by using the following command

# fmdump

NOTE: Messages are also traditionally written to the console and to the /var/adm/messages file. If the Fault Management system takes a device offline, the message “(retired)” is displayed in the prtconf output.

2. To view the device information from shell run the following command

# prtconf

NOTE:  It also give the amount of system memory available in our system. 

3 . To display the driver being used for the corresponding devices

# prtconf -D

4. To view the more output

# prtconf -pv

NOTE: The advantage of prtconf is it can be run by any user.

####################################################

X86 based Systems
--------------------------------

In x86 based systems we can display the device information using


# /usr/X11/bin/scanpci

or

# /usr/X11/bin/scanpci  -v  ( It provide more verbose output )

####KERNEL MODULES IN SOLARIS #########################

The location of kernel modules in Solaris is as follows.

/kernel/drv (default location for most leaf-node drivers)
/kernel/misc
/usr/kernel/drv
/usr/kernel/misc
/platform/i86pc/kernel/drv
/platform/i86pc/kernel/misc

5.To check the Loaded Modules information
------------------------------------------------------------

# modinfo | grep driver name


6.To determine whether the kernel is running in 32 or 64 bit mode

# lsainfo -kv


7. To manually load a kernel module

# modload /kernel/drv/amd64/e1000g

# modinfo | grep  e1000g

8. To get more verbose driver module information

# strings /kernel/drv/amd64/e1000g | grep -i  ver

9.To check which drivers are bound to which devices

# cat  /etc/driver_aliases

NOTE: The file has the format of driver name followed by device name

SOLARIS NETWORKING

1.The NICS in the system are listed by the following command

# dladm show-dev

2. Information about links on the data-link layer is displayed by

# dladm show-link

3. You also add information to certain configurationfiles to create a persistent network configuration. The most common files are /etc/hostname.interface, where interface is the specific interface that is used on the system, and /etc/hosts.

4. To set IPADDRESS to in Solaris X86 do the following.

# ifconfig rtls0 plumb 192.168.0.20/24

5. To check the ipaddress

# ifconfig -a

6. To make the configuration persist across the reboot do the following.

# echo 192.168.0.20/24 > /etc/hostname.rtls0

Add the corresponding ipaddress and hostname to /etc/hosts

# nano /etc/hosts

192.168.0.20/24 solaris1

7. To add the defaultrouter to the system

# echo 192.168.0.1 > /etc/defaultrouter

8. To enable packet forwarding in Solaris

# svcadm enable ipv4-forwarding

9. To start Routing protocol

# svcadm enable route:default


10. Perform a reconfiguration reboot

# reboot –- -r

11, To check packet forwarding is enabled

# routeadm

12. To disable packet forwarding

# svcadm disable ipv4-forwarding

13. To perfom reconfiguration reboot

# reboot -- -r

14. To view the routing table.

# netstat -rn

15.  To add a purticular route

#  route -p add -net 10.0.5.0/24 -gateway 10.0.5.150/24

15. 

ADDING A NEWUSER IN SOLARIS

Defult home directory of normal users in Solaris is /export/home/username

Before creating the user you should create a directory in /export/home/username . Add the user using the following command.


# useradd -d /export/home/user user

The following option can be used with the useradd command.


1. -u 1003—Specifies the UID
2. -g 102—Specifies the GID of the primary group
3. -d /export/home/sandy—Specifies the home directory
4. -s /bin/ksh—Specifies the login shell
5. -m—Creates the home directory specified by the -d option
6. -k /etc/skel—Specifies the location of skeleton files, such as .profile
7. username —Specifies the user name of the account
###############################################################################################

# useradd -u 1003 -g 102 -d /export/home/user -s /usr/bin/bash -c "Vasanth" -m -k /etc/skell

#################################################################################################

UID AND GID OF USERS IN SOLARIS

1. A UID for a regular user can be between 100 and 2147483647 (except for
60001, 60002, and 65534).

2. UIDs 0–99, 60001, 60002, and 65534 are reserved for use by the Solaris OS

NOTE: avoid using UIDs over 60000 because they are not compatible with some Solaris features.

DEFAULT USER GROUP IN SOLARIS
##############################

When a new user is created he will be assigned to a primary group called staff.

NOTE: GIDs are assigned from the unused integers between 100 and 60000.

SETTING PASSWORD SECURITY POLICY IN SOLARIS

The Length of the password, Password locking after failed attempts and algoritham used to encrypt the password are define in

# /etc/security/policy.conf

By default in Solaris password length has set to 8 characters. If you set a password with 10
character long 9, 10 are simply ignored.

####### Setting better up a better password in Solaris 10 do the following. ########


# nano /etc/security/policy.conf

change the below lines and save the file


CRYPT_ALGORITHMS_DEPRECATE=__unix__
CRYPT_DEFAULT=2a




The password complexity rules, history, and password-aging defaults are specified
in the

# /etc/default/passwd

LINUX LIKE PINGING IN SOLARIS

Normally in Solaris the output of the ping command contain only one line. That is it gives the out put as given below.

-bash-3.00# ping google.com
google.com is alive


######## To Use ping just Like in Linux##########

# ping -s google.com

SETTING DNS CLIENT IN SOLARIS

# touch /etc/resol.conf

# nano /etc/resolv.conf

nameserver 192.168.1.1

save the above file


# cp /etc/nsswitch.dns /etc/nsswitch.conf

To test the above setup

# nslookup google.com

SETTING DEFAULT ROUTE IN SOLARIS

############ TO ADD A DEFAULT GATEWAY###############

# route add default 192.168.1.1


If you need to make route to be persist across the reboot

# echo 192.168.1.1 > /etc/defaultrouter

NFS SERVER SOLARIS

To enable the NFS service run the following command

# svcadm -v enable -r network/nfs/server

To share /packages directory

# share -F nfs -o rw /packages

The above command is mainly used fro temporary sharing and it will not persist on reboot. To make the share persist on the reboot do the following.

# nano /etc/dfs/dfstab

share -F nfs -o rw /packages

save the file

To mount the share from a remote machine.

Login to the client

# mount -t your nfsserver:/package /mnt



##########To restart the NFS server################


# /etc/init.d/nfs.server stop
# /etc/init.d/nfs.server start


######## To disable NFS server#####################


# svcadm -v disable -st network/nfs/server

Installing Nano editor In SOLARIS

-bash-3.00# mkdir /packages

-bash-3.00# cd /packages

-bash-3.00# ftp://ftp.sunfreeware.com/pub/freeware/intel/10/nano-2.0.9-sol10-x86-local.gz

-bash-3.00# gunzip nano-2.0.9-sol10-x86-local.gz

-bash-3.00# pakgadd -d nano-2.0.9-sol10-x86-local

The above steps will help you install nano. nano will be installed inside /usr/local/bin.

Just run

-bash-3.00# /usr/local/bin/nano

Changing The Default shell to Bash in Solaris

Login to the server as root

Run the following command
# passwd -e

It will prompt like below

Old shell: /bin/sh
New shell:

Enter the new shell as

New shell: /usr/bin/bash